HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AS A FACTOR OF CARDIORENAL RISK IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE, ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AND G894T (rs 1799983) ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE (eNOS) GENE POLYMORPHISM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30890/2567-5273.2025-41-02-035Keywords:
diabetic kidney disease, small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein triglycerides, atherogenic blood plasma index, copeptin, G894T (rs1799983) eNOS gene polymorphism, cardiovascular, cardiometabolic and renal riskAbstract
The study defined more precise a presence of relationship between such components of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) as small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (LDL-TG) and characteristics of renal functReferences
Abdullah S, Jarrar Y, Alhawari H, et al. The influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) genetic polymorphisms on cholesterol blood levels among type 2 diabetic patients on atorvastatin therapy. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021; 21 (2): 352-359. Doi: 10.2174/1871530320666200621174858.
Adeva-Andany MM, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Funcasta-Canderon R, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with clinical manifestations of diabetic kidney disease (glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria, and kidney function decline). Curr Diabetes Rev. 2022; 18: e171121197998. Doi: 10.2174/1573399818666211117122604.
Al-anbagi LS, Al-Dileamy HM, Hamu AH. Evaluation of copeptin hormone function in chronic renal failure stages and dialysis. Plant Archives. 2021; 21 (S1):1052-1056. Doi: https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.162.
Albegali AA, Shahzad M, Mahmood S, et al. Genetic polymorphism of eNOS (G894T) gene in insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients in Pakistani population. Int J Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2020; 40: 203-208. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-019-00775-6.
Atere AD, Ajani OF, Alade OG, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic performance of serum copeptin in correlation with dyslipidemia in obesed and non-obesed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2020; 13 (14): 226-233. Doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344617232.
Barchetta I, Enhorning S, Cimini A, et al. Elevated plasma copeptin levels identify the presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. BMC Medicine. 2019; 17: 85-95. Doi: https://10.1186/s12916-019-1319-4.
Darwin E, Elfi EF, Decroli E, Elvira D. The relationship between endothelial nitric oxide synthase with dyslipidemia in coronary heart disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020; 8 (A): 537-542. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4510.
El-Soudany NN, El-Din Bessa SS, Morad HA, Selim AAM. Plasma copeptin level in type 2 diabetic patients and its role in diabetic nephropathy. The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2023; 35: 31-39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-023-00207-2.
Ginsberg HM, Packard CJ, Chapman MJ, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies – a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2021; 42 (47): 4791- 4806. Doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab551.
Higashibata T, Hamajima N, Naito M, et al. eNOS genotype modifies the effect of leisure-time physical activity on serum triglyceride levels in a Japanese population. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2012; 11: 150. Doi: http://www.lipidworld.com/content/11/1/150.
Hirano T. Clinical significance of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2025; 16: 370-383. Doi: 10.1111/jdi.14398.
Hirano T, Kodera R, Hirashima T, et al. Metabolic properties of low-density lipoprotein triglycerides in patients with type 2 diabetes, comparison with small dense LDL-cholesterol. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2022; 29 (5): 762-774. Doi: 10.5551/jat.62789.
Hirano T, Satoh N, Kodera R, et al. Dyslipidemia in diabetic kidney disease classified by proteinuria and renal dysfunction: A cross-sectional study from a regional diabetic cohort. J Diabetes Investig. 2022; 13 (4): 657-667. Doi: 10.1111/jdi.13697.
Hu X, Liu Q, Guo X, et al. The role of remnant cholesterol beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21:117. Doi: 10.1186/s12933-022-01554-0.
Kanonidou C. Small dense low-density lipoproteins. Analytical review. Clin Chim Acta. 2021; 520: 172-178. Doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.012.
Karakasis P, Patoulias D, Rizzo M, et al. Association between remnant cholesterol and chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obese Metab. 2025; 27: 2573-2583. Doi: 10.1111/dom.16258.
Khadka S, Yadav GK, Subedi P, et al. Association of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio with lipid abnormalities and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2023; 85: 4329-4333. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001045.
Krauss RM. Small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: Clinically relevant? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2022; 33(3): 160-166. Doi: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000824.
Li H, Shu G, Gao H. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 894 G>T polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Pteridines. 2022; 33: 49-57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/pteridines-2022-0042.
Liu K, Cooper ME, Chai Z, Liu F. High-density lipoprotein in patients with diabetic kidney disease: friend or foe? Int J Mol Sci. 2025; 26: 1683. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041683.
Luo Z, Jia A, Lu Z, et al. Association of the NOS3 gene rs1799983 polymorphism with circulating nitric oxide and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2019; 95 (1125): 361-371. Doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136396.
Migdalis IN, Ioannidis IM, Papanas N, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia and other risk factors of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: a hospital-based clinic population in Greece. J Clin Med. 2022; 11 (11): 3224. Doi: 10.3390/jcm11113224.
Moon JH, Kim K, Choi SH. Lipoprotein lipase: is it a magic target for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia? Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism. 2022; 37 (4): 575-586. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3803/dom.2022.402.
Natesan V, Kim SJ. Diabetic nephropathy – a review of risk factors, progression, mechanism and dietary management. Biomol Ther. 2021; 29 (4): 365-372. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2020.
Opazo-Rios L, Mas S, Marin-Royo G, et al. Lipotoxicity and diabetic nephropathy: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (7): 2632. Doi: 10.1016/ijms21072632.
Ouchi G, Komiya I, Taira Sh, et al. Triglyceride/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is the most valuable predictor for increased small, dense LDL in type 2 diabetes patients. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2022; 21:4-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01612-8.
Palem SP, Abraham Ph. Atherogenic index of plasma an indicator for predicting cardiovascular risk in addition to endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic subjects. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2018; 12 (6): BC 21- BC 24. Doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/31834.11690.
Pi X, Xie L, Patterson C. Emerging role of vascular endothelium in metabolic homeostasis. Circ Res. 2018; 123 (4): 477-494. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.3132237.
Raslova K, Dobiasova M, Hubacek JA, et al. Association of metabolic and genetic factors with cholesterol esterification rate in HDL plasma and atherogenic index of plasma in a 40 years Slovak population. Physiol Res. 2011; 60 (5): 785-795. Doi: 10.33549/physiolres.932069.
Rizvi S, Raza ST, Rahman Q, et al. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) genes polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep. 2019; 46 (5): 5433-5441. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04998-y.
Saladi SM, Radfar M, Hamidi AK, et al. Association between the polymorphism of Glu298Asp in exon 7 of the eNOS gene with foot ulcer and oxidative stress in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018; 42 (1): 18-22. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.03.001.
Sampson M, Wolska A, Warnick R, et al. A new equation based on the standard lipid panel for calculating small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and its use as a risk enhancer test. Clinical Chemistry. 2021; 67 (7): 987-997. Doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab048.
Savicheva Kateryna, Nesen Andrii, Semenovykh Polina. Polymorphism rs 1799983 of the eNOS gene in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal. 2024; 1 (44): 5-60. Doi: http://mmj.nmuofficial.com.
Selby NM, Taal MW. An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism. 2020; 22: 3-15. Doi: 10.1111/dom.14007.
Sendesni R, Grira N, Lamine O, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Glu298Asp gene polymorphism (G894T) as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tunisian population. Open Access Library Journal. 2018; 5: e4171. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104171.
Soohoo M, Hashemi L, Hsiung J-T, et al. Association of serum triglycerides and renal outcomes among 1,6 million US veterans. Nephron. 2022; 146: 457-468. Doi: 10.1159/000522388.
Suh SH, Kim SW. Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: An update overview. Diabetes Metab J. 2023; 47: 612-629. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0067.
Szmygin H, Szydelko J, Matyjaszek-Matuszek B. Copeptin as a novel biomarker of cardiometabolic syndrome. Endokrynol Pol. 2021; 72 (5): 566-571. Doi: 10.5603/EP.a2021.0072.
Ullah A, Khan R, Khan J, et al. Microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus and glycemic control. Arch Nephrol Urol. 2020; 3: 05-016. Doi: 10.26502/anu.2644-2833015.
Varghese S, Kumar SG. Role of eNOS and TGFβ1 gene polymorphisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in South Indian population. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 2022; 23: 2. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-022-00216-w.
Vasileva D, Runev N, Manov E, et al. Should we measure copeptin levels in patients with pre-metabolic and metabolic syndrome? Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2018; 34: 1201-1206. Doi: 10.19193/0393-6384_2018_5_184.
Wolska A, Sampson M, Zubiran R, et al. An equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein triglyceride content and its use for cardiovascular disease risk stratification. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024; 11 : 1452869. Doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1452869.
Yang Q, Zou Y, Lang Y, et al. Estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic kidney disease. Renal Failure. 2024; 46 (2): 2369701. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2024.2369701.
Yu JE, Han SY, Wolfson B, Zhou Q. The role of endothelial lipase in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. Histol Histopathol. 2018; 33 (1): 1-10. Doi: 10.14670/HH-11-905.
Yuan Y, Hu X, Zhang S, et al. Remnant cholesterol pre-inflammatory state and chronic kidney disease: association and mediation analyses. Renal Failure. 2024; 46: 2361094. Doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2024.2361094.
Zhang Y-B, Sheng L-T, Wei W, et al. Association of blood lipid profile with incident chronic kidney disease: a mendelian randomization study. Atherosclerosis. 2020; 300 : 19-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
